Piše: mr. ph. Mehridžana Dervishi-Llazorja
Upotreba surutke datira još od praistorijskog doba, kada je pocelo pripitomljavanje životinja i njihovo korišcenje za ljudsku ishranu. Proces proizvodnje sira Homer u „Odiseji” opisuje slikom Kiklopa koji ovcije i kravlje mlijeko siri tako što ih stavlja u pletene korpe. U terapiji tuberkuloze, žutice, kožnih i probavnih smetnji, preporucivao ju je Hipokrat. U našim krajevima koristila se prevashodno za ishranu stoke, ali i kao osvježavajuci napitak za osobe koje su radile teške poslove na polju. U Švajcarskoj, gdje je proizvodnja sira bitna grana industrije, surutka se koristi kao osnova za proizvodnju osvježavajuceg gaziranog napitka „Rivella”. U Irskoj se proizvodi „Mysa”, napitak na bazi surutke.
Nutritivna vrijednost surutke ogleda se u sadržaju vitamina A, bogata je i vitaminima grupe B, narocito vitaminom B-12, pa se smatra da samo jedan litar surutke zadovoljava dnevne potrebe organizma za ovim vitaminima.
Bogata je jodom i kalcijem, a istovremeno je i niskokaloricna, te na taj nacin predstavlja zaista visokovrijedan dijetetski napitak. Me_utim, najvredniji sastojci surutke jesu protein surutke, koji se po karakteristikama i djelovanju bitno razlikuju od kazeina. Proteini surutke sastoje se od kratkih lanaca amino-kisjelina koji nakon unosa u organizam postaju bioraspoloživi u veoma visokoj mjeri. Biološka vrijednost oznacava odnos raspoložive i iskoristive energije organizma.
Za proteine surutke ona iznosi približno 100, što je ujedno I maksimalna vrijednost, dok je biološka vrijednost za kazein 77.
Litar surutke sadrži svega 350 do 370 kilokalorija, ili pola kalorijske vrijednosti manje od svježeg mlijeka.
Digestija, resorpcija i distribucija nutrijenata iz surutke veoma su brzi procesi. Razlog tome je što surutka ima relativno nisku pH vrijednost, kao i relativno male molecule proteina i ugljenih hidrata, dok je nivo lipida vrlo nizak.
Zbog toga se danas surutka može smatrati dijetetskim proizvodom i funkcionalnom hranom ciljanog jelovanja na pravilno funkcionisanje probavnog trakta, funkciju jetre I drugih organa.
Tradicionalno, surutka se dobija dobro poznatim postupkom. Mlijeko se ostavi da fermentira na sobnoj temperaturi, pri cemu mlijecni šecer usljed fermentacije prelazi u mlijecnu kisjelinu, te dolazi do odvajanja kazeina od surutke i izdvajanja masnijeg dijela – pavlake – na površini. Ona se zatim odvaja sa površine. Preostalo kisjelo mlijeko se zagrijava, pri cemu dolazi do koagulacije i razdvajanja sira od surutke. Po završenom procesu sirenja, cije_enjem se odvaja surutka. U industrijskim uslovima, za ubrzanje koagulacije mlijeka mogu se koristiti kisjeline, enzimi i sirila.
Zavisno od postupka kako se dobija i vrsta sredstava korišcenih za koagulaciju kazeina iz mlijeka, svježa surutka može biti slatka i kisjela. Pojednostavljeno, slatka surutka se dobija prilikom proizvodnje tvrdih sireva, kao što su cedar I švajcarski sir, a kisjela prilikom proizvodnje svježeg kravljeg sira. Kisjela surutka je ukusnija i stabilnija, sadrži manje laktoze i mlijecne masti. Od 10 litara mlijeka dobije se oko 1 kg sira i 9 litara surutke.
PROIZVODI OD SURUTKE
Surutka se koristi u produkciji tri osnovna proizvoda koji se upotrebljavaju u ljudskoj prehrani. To su:
surutka u prahu, proteini surutke i šecer laktoza. Surutka u prahu dobija se uklanjanjem vode iz svježe surutke. Postoji slatka (pH 5,6), kisjela (pH 5,1), demineralizovana surutka u prahu i surutka u prahu bez laktoze. Surutka u prahu koristi se kao aditiv u prehrambenoj industriji. Demineralizovana i surutka bez laktoze najcešce se koriste u proizvodnji hrane za djecu.
Proteini surutke najvažniju primjenu nalaze u prehrani sportista. Koriste se kao dodatak prehrani za povecanje mišicne mase i oporavak oštecenja mišica. Najbolje ih je koristiti sa vodom, jer ako se uzimaju sa mlijekom kazein iz mlijeka usporava apsorpciju protein surutke. Proteini surutke koriste se i u daptiranom mlijeku za djecu, narocito kada postoji intolerancija na kazein.
Surutka se koristi i za proizvodnju laktoze koja se najviše upotrebljava u farmaceutskoj industriji, kao ekscipent, ali i u proizvodnji laktuloze kao lijeka. U proizvodnji penicilina surutka je imala ulogu.
PROTEINI SURUTKE
Najvredniji sastojak surutke jeste protein surutke koji se po karakteristikama i djelovanju bitno razlikuje od osnovnog proteina mlijeka – kazeina. U svježem mlijeku nalazi se oko 80% kazeina i oko 20% proteina surutke koji imaju razlicita svojstva. Majcino mlijeko je dominantno surutkino mlijeko, pa se s obzirom na slican sastav proteina mogu izvesti mnoge analogije u pogledu nutritivnih i dijetetskih svojstava. Najznacajnije komponente proteina surutke su beta-laktoglobulini, alfa-laktoalbumini, imunoglobulini, enzimi, slobodne amino-kisjeline, laktoferini, albumin krvnog seruma I glikomakropeptidi.
Alfa-laktoalbumin je jedan od glavnih protein koji se nalaze i u humanom i u animalnom mlijeku.
Nalazi se u oko 20–25% proteina surutke i sadrži široku paletu amino-kisjelina, ukljucujuci i esencijalne i amino-kisjeline razgranatih lanaca. Procišceni alfalaktoalbumin ima strukturalno slican proteinski pro_l u odnosu na majcino mlijeko pa se koristi u proizvodnji mlijeka za dojencad. Beta-laktoglobulini redstavljaju polovinu ukupnih proteina surutke. Dobar su izvor amino-kisjelina razgranatih lanaca i esencijalnih amino-kisjelina. Sadrže i retinol vezujuci protein, koji je nosac retinoicne kisjeline
(vitamin A) i ima potencijal da modulira limfni odgovor. Znacajno je spomenuti da majcino mlijeko ne sadrži beta-laktoglobuline.
Imunoglobulini surutke predstavljaju antitijela koja imaju važnu ulogu u imunološkom sistemu jer vezuju antigene. Imunoglobulini cine 10–15% ukupnih proteina surutke. Albumini cine oko polovinu proteina krvnog seruma, pa se konzumiranjem surutke unose aminokisjeline koje mogu poslužiti kod sinteze razlicitih proteinskih komponenti u ljudskom organizmu. Albumini imaju funkciju u održavanju osmotskog pritiska, prenose hormone, masne kisjeline, nekonjugirani bilirubin i mnoge lijekove.
Smanjena sinteza albumina nastaje zbog bolesti jetre ili gladovanja, te kod bolesti bubrega, zbog povecanog izlucivanja albumina urinom. Gubitak albumina nastaje i kod opekotina. Zbog toga unos albumina kao proteinske komponente surutke može dominantno poboljšati stanje osoba u navedenim stanjima. Laktoferin je željezo-vezujuci glikoprotein, neenzimski je antioksidant koji se nalazi i u surutki i u humanom mlijeku. Kao protein surutke, sastoji se od oko 689 amino-kisjelinskih ostataka, dok se ljudski laktoferin sastoji od 691 ostataka, što predstavlja veliku slicnost. Laktoferin je dominantna komponenta protein surutke humanog mlijeka, koje u surutki ima manje.
Antimikrobni efekat laktoferina može biti izražen prema mikroorganizmima koji u svom metabolizmu koriste željezo. Posjeduje jedinstvenu sposobnost heliranja željeza i na taj nacin ga oduzima ikroorganizmima.
Sposobnost laktoferina ogleda se i u tome da iz vanjske membrane gram-negativnih bakterija osloba_a lipopolisaharidne komponente i tako djeluje kao bakteriostatik. Glikomakropeptid je protein prisutan u surutki u kolicini 10–15%. Nastaje tokom sirenja, zbog djelovanja kimozina na kazein. Po sastavu je peptid sa razgranatim lancem amino-kisjelina i ne sadrži fenil-alanin, triptofan, tirozin.
Proteini surutke imaju sve esencijalne aminokisjeline i to u signi_kantno vecim koncentracijama nego proteini biljnog porijekla, kao što su soja, kukuruz i pšenicni gluten. U odnosu na druge izvore proteina, surutka ima visoku koncentraciju leucina, isoleucina I valina, koji spadaju u amino-kisjeline razgranatih lanaca.
Amino-kisjeline razgranatih lanaca, posebno leucin, važni su faktori regeneracije tkiva. Leucin je kljucna amino-kisjelina u metabolizmu proteina. Proteini surutke tako_e su bogati amino-kisjelinama cisteinom i metioninom, koje sadrže sumpor. Uz visoku koncentraciju tih amino-kisjelina, imunološki sistem jaca, zbog intracelularne sinteze glutationa.
Veca biološka vrijednost proteina surutke u odnosu na proteine mlijeka rezultat je visokog nivoa lizina, cisteina i metionina. Za iskoristivost proteina u organizmu bitan je omjer cisteina i metionina, koji je u proteinima surutke oko 10 puta veci nego u kazeinu. Oni sadrže i taurin koji djeluje na volumen mišica na celijskom nivou. Zbog svega navedenog, surutka se preporucuje kao napitak za osvježavanje u svim ivotnim dobima I fizickim stanjima, kao zamjena za gazirane napitke ili zasla_ene sokove koji se danas koriste. Današnji uslovi života, uz korišcenje brze hrane, stres i malo fizicke aktivnosti, nalažu korišcenje tzv. niskokaloricne ili „light” prehrane, gdje je surutka pravi izbor.
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